{"id":2444,"date":"2020-06-16T14:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-16T12:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prodevice.milleniumhost.pl\/?p=2444"},"modified":"2021-09-21T12:56:21","modified_gmt":"2021-09-21T10:56:21","slug":"technologia-pamieci-flash","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/pl\/technologia-pamieci-flash\/","title":{"rendered":"Technologia pami\u0119ci Flash"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Szymon Barczentewicz<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pami\u0119ci Flash s\u0105 obecnie wykorzystywane w niemal ka\u017cdym urz\u0105dzeniu elektronicznym. Najwi\u0119ksze zalety tej technologii to wysoka wydajno\u015b\u0107, niski pob\u00f3r energii, niewielkie gabaryty, masa oraz wysoka odporno\u015b\u0107 na uszkodzenia [1].<br>Pami\u0119\u0107 Flash zosta\u0142a opracowana w laboratoriach Toshiby przez Dr. Fujio Masuoka na pocz\u0105tku lat 80-tych ubieg\u0142ego wieku [1]. Pami\u0119\u0107 Flash to po\u0142\u0105czenie technologii EPROM i EEPROM. Angielskie s\u0142owo \u201eFlash\u201d, rozumiane jako polski \u201eb\u0142ysk\u201d lub \u201elampa b\u0142yskowa\u201d, zosta\u0142o wybrane na nazw\u0119 tej technologii z powodu mo\u017cliwo\u015bci wykasowania du\u017cych blok\u00f3w pami\u0119ci w jednym momencie. Taka mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 wyra\u017anie odr\u00f3\u017cnia technologi\u0119 Flash od technologii EEPROM, gdzie ka\u017cdy bit pami\u0119ci musi by\u0107 kasowany osobno.<br>Kom\u00f3rka pami\u0119ci Flash sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z jednego tranzystora z p\u0142ywaj\u0105c\u0105 bramk\u0105. Rysunki 1 i 2 przedstawiaj\u0105 kolejno kom\u00f3rk\u0119 pami\u0119ci EPROM oraz kom\u00f3rk\u0119 pami\u0119ci Flash. Oba rozwi\u0105zania s\u0105 do siebie bardzo podobne. R\u00f3\u017cnic\u0119 stanowi geometria uk\u0142adu: w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci bramka tlenkowa pomi\u0119dzy krzemem, a bramk\u0105 p\u0142ywaj\u0105c\u0105 jest cie\u0144sza w przypadku technologii Flash. R\u00f3wnie\u017c \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o i dren wykazuj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnice. Dzi\u0119ki tym niewielkim zmianom, w technologii EPROM uzyskano mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 czyszczenia danych elektrycznie. Przy\u0142o\u017cenie wysokiego napi\u0119cia o odwrotnej polaryzacji powoduje wyczyszczenie zawarto\u015bci kom\u00f3rki. Jest to wykonywane za pomoc\u0105 impulsu pr\u0105du o nat\u0119\u017ceniu bliskim 200 A. Pami\u0119ci Flash mo\u017cna swobodnie odczytywa\u0107 i kasowa\u0107 tylko ca\u0142ymi blokami, po kilka tysi\u0119cy bit\u00f3w i zmienia\u0107 stan pojedynczej kom\u00f3rki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"326\" src=\"http:\/\/prodevice.milleniumhost.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1a.png 480w, https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1a-300x204.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption>Rys. 1. Kom\u00f3rka pami\u0119ci EPROM [2].<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"472\" height=\"331\" src=\"http:\/\/prodevice.milleniumhost.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1b.png 472w, https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1b-300x210.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><figcaption>Rys. 2. Kom\u00f3rka pami\u0119ci Flash [2].<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ze wzgl\u0119du na rodzaj po\u0142\u0105czenia pojedynczych kom\u00f3rek wyr\u00f3\u017cniamy dwie odmiany pami\u0119ci Flash: NOR (po\u0142\u0105czenie r\u00f3wnoleg\u0142e) i NAND (po\u0142\u0105czenie szeregowe). W zwi\u0105zku ze swoj\u0105 budow\u0105, pami\u0119ci NAND nie mog\u0105 by\u0107 odczytywane zupe\u0142nie swobodnie, a jedynie porcjami po kilka kB. Ponadto, w por\u00f3wnaniu do pami\u0119ci NOR, maj\u0105 kr\u00f3tsze czasy zapisu, odczytu, wi\u0119ksz\u0105 g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 zapisu i co za tym idzie \u2013 ni\u017cszy koszt. Rysunek 3 przedstawia por\u00f3wnanie architektury NOR i NAND.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"430\" src=\"http:\/\/prodevice.milleniumhost.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2a-600x430-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2a-600x430-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2a-600x430-1-300x215.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Rys. 3. Por\u00f3wnanie architektury NOR i NAND [2].<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dyski SSD (Solid State Drive)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Popularnym rozwi\u0105zaniem wykorzystuj\u0105cym pami\u0119ci Flash s\u0105 dyski SSD. W pierwszej kolejno\u015bci dyski te ze wzgl\u0119du na wysok\u0105 odporno\u015b\u0107 na uszkodzenia wykorzystywane by\u0142y g\u0142\u00f3wnie w komputerach przemys\u0142owych. Obecnie s\u0105 stosowane powszechnie ze wzgl\u0119du na bardzo wysok\u0105 wydajno\u015b\u0107 pracy. Rysunki 4 i 5 przedstawiaj\u0105 wykonane przez firm\u0119 Intel por\u00f3wnanie czasu pracy klasycznego dysku SSD i HDD. Mo\u017cna zaobserwowa\u0107 bardzo du\u017c\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnic\u0119 w wydajno\u015bci na korzy\u015b\u0107 dysk\u00f3w SSD. Dodatkowymi zaletami przemawiaj\u0105cymi za dyskami SDD jest niski pob\u00f3r energii, bezg\u0142o\u015bna praca czy ma\u0142a waga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"570\" height=\"403\" src=\"http:\/\/prodevice.milleniumhost.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2475\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2b.png 570w, https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2b-300x212.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><figcaption>Rys. 4. Czas uruchomienia Microsoft Office Proffesional 2007 [3].<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"562\" height=\"391\" src=\"http:\/\/prodevice.milleniumhost.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2c.png 562w, https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/2c-300x209.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px\" \/><figcaption>Rys. 5. Czas uruchomienia World of Warcraft i Microsoft Windows Defender [3].<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>W najbli\u017cszych latach mo\u017cna spodziewa\u0107 si\u0119 sukcesywnego zwi\u0119kszania si\u0119 udzia\u0142u na rynku no\u015bnik\u00f3w danych pami\u0119ci typu Flash. Dlatego bardzo wa\u017cnym i interesuj\u0105cym zagadnieniem b\u0119dzie opracowanie technologii niszczenia danych z dysk\u00f3w SSD, analogicznej do tej, jak\u0105 oferuj\u0105<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/pl\/demagnetyzery\/\"> demagnetyzery dl<\/a>a dysk\u00f3w HDD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O tym jak usun\u0105\u0107 dane z tego typu pami\u0119ci, pisali\u015bmy w artykule: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pro-device.com\/pl\/czy-mozna-bezpiecznie-wymazac-dane-z-dyskow-ssd\/\">Czy mo\u017cna bezpiecznie wymaza\u0107 dane z dysk\u00f3w SSD?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Referencje<br>[1] http:\/\/mimuw.edu.pl\/<br>[2] http:\/\/smithsonianchips.si.edu\/<br>[3] Intel.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pami\u0119ci Flash s\u0105 obecnie wykorzystywane w niemal ka\u017cdym urz\u0105dzeniu elektronicznym. Najwi\u0119ksze zalety tej technologii to wysoka wydajno\u015b\u0107 oraz wysoka odporno\u015b\u0107 na uszkodzenia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-niszczarki-nosnikow"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Technologia pami\u0119ci Flash - ProDevice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pami\u0119ci Flash s\u0105 obecnie wykorzystywane w niemal ka\u017cdym urz\u0105dzeniu elektronicznym. 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